Year : 2024

Volume : Volume 15

Issue : Issue 1

Address for correspondence :
Dr. Angel Aghera
angelagheramds@gmail.com

Abstract

The word “cancer” is an uncontrolled growth of cells and second, the ability to invade and damage normal tissues either locally or at distant sites in the body. This high morbidity rate can be attributed to many factors, including failure to respond to available chemotherapy, late presentation of the lesions, and the lack of suitable markers for early detection. The poor prognosis for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients may be a reflection of the fact that while many of the risk factors involved in HNSCC pathogenesis, such as alcohol and tobacco, are well-recognized, by contrast very little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for this type of cancer. In addition to cellular changes, the body’s normal defense mechanisms can play a key role in encouraging or combating carcinogenesis and tumor spread. Apart from traditional tools of treatment, immunotherapy has been used as a novel mode to treat oral cancer. Extensive persuasive health education is needed to be directed to control/reduce the tobacco habit, nutrition education, safe sexual practices, attention to personal and genital hygiene needs to be imported for increasing public awareness. Prophylactic vaccinations against HPV infection are useful strategies for the prevention of oral cancer. An aggressive interdisciplinary approach of education and enhanced oral cancer screening services is required to increase early detection of oral cancers and ultimately increase the 5-year survival rates of oral and pharyngeal cancer patients.